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| Gut–brain axis ： ウィキペディア英語版 |
Gut–brain axis
The gut–brain axis refers to the biochemical signaling taking place between the gastrointestinal tract and the nervous system, often involving intestinal microbiota, which have been shown to play an important role in healthy brain function.
The gut microbiota communicates with the central nervous system through different pathways (neural, immune and endocrine) and influences the brain, more specifically its function and its behaviour. Several studies have shown that the gut microbiota is involved in the regulation of anxiety, pain, cognition and mood. These studies used germ free animals compared to normal animals, which were later exposed to pathogenic bacterial infections, probiotic bacteria and antibiotic drugs. The gut-brain axis is an emerging concept that could be helpful for developing new therapeutic strategies for complex central nervous system disorders by modifying the gut microbiota.〔John F. Cryan & Timothy G. Dinan "Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour" Nature Review Neuroscience (2012) doi:10.1038/nrn3346〕
==Brain function==
Research suggests that the gut–brain axis, a bidirectional neurohumoral communication system in the human body, functions as a pathway for the gut microbiota to modulate brain function of its host. The postnatal microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract results in a long-lasting impact on the neural processing of sensory information regarding the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis stress response. Early postnatal bacterial colonization in germ free (GF) mice contribute the development of central nervous system. A recent study showed that mice whose diets were supplemented with the ''Bifidobacterium breve'' show elevated concentrations of fatty acids in the brain, including arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are known to play important roles in neurodevelopmental processes, including neurogenesis.〔Innis, S. M. Dietary (n-3) fatty acids and brain development. J. Nutr. 137, 855–859 (2007).〕 The c-Fos activation in the paraventricular nucleus was rapidly induced by the inoculation of ''Bifidobacterium infantis''. Tryptophan metabolism was modulated by ''B. infantis'', suggesting that the normal gut microbiota can influence the precursor pool for serotonin, which is correlated to neurophysiological behavior. Anxiety-like behavior and central neurochemical changes were relieved in GF mice compared with specific pathogen free (SPF) mice.
In addition, organisms from the bacterial genus ''Clostridium'' were found at an elevated level in the stools of children with autism compared to the stools of the children without.〔Chen, X., Roshan S., and Seong-Tshool H.. "The role of gut microbiota in the gut-brain axis: current challenges and perspectives." Protein & Cell 4.6 (2013): 403-14. PMID 23686721〕
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